Irrigation

Irrigation

Irrigation

There has been a lot of change in the way of irrigating crops over time from the old to the modern times. In the old times, due to the absence of resources, it was very difficult for the farmers to irrigate the crops and irrigated with bends, rahats and dhekuli, then in the present day irrigation system has become much easier and farmers Irrigation with solar pumps, tube wells etc. Despite this, the crops of farmers are dependent on rain water due to lack of proper irrigation system in all areas even today. The total area of ​​India is 328 million hectares, of which 16.2 million hectares (51 percent) is currently cultivated on land. Whereas about 4 per cent of the land is pasture, 21 per cent is forest and 24 per cent is without any use (barren). The 24 percent wasteland also includes 5 percent wasteland, in which the crop is sown every year for the third or fifth year, so that the land can become fertile in future. Adequate irrigation facility is available on only 28 percent (4.5 crore hectares) of this net sown area, while the entire irrigated area of ​​the country is 8 crore hectares. Thus, agriculture done on about 72 percent of the total agricultural land depends on rainfall.

Drip Irrigation System

Drip Irrigation System

Drip system is an advanced method of irrigation, using which substantial savings of irrigation water can be made. This method can be adopted for most crops according to the type of soil, slope of the field, source of water. The use of this method is growing rapidly all over the world. The drip irrigation technique will prove to be very effective to reduce the limited water resources and increasing water requirement and environmental problems day by day. The drip irrigation technique is the best method for successfully growing commercial crops in areas where land is expensive and difficult or impossible to cover. The drip system is a high frequency irrigation system in which water is fed around the plant area. Water can be given to the plant as required by drip irrigation. Fertilizer savings of up to 30-40 percent by drip irrigation, water savings up to 70 percent.

Sprinkler irrigation

Sprinkler Irrigation

Fountain irrigation is a method by which water is sprayed into the air and this water falls on the surface of the land in the form of artificial rainfall. Water spraying is achieved by pressure in a small nozzle or orifice. Water pressure is also obtained by the pump. Since artificial rainfall is done slowly, there is neither water logging nor soil suppression. This maintains the best ratio of land and air and seedlings also sprout quickly.

This is a very popular method by which about 30-50 percent of water can be saved. It is being used in about seven lakh hectares of land in the country. This method is used on sandy soil, high ground and where there is less water available. By this method, the expenditure on irrigation is reduced on irrigation and diseases are also reduced.

Surface irrigation system

Surface Irrigation System

Most of the arable areas in India receive surface irrigation. The main among this is the distribution of water in the field by drains from the canals and water is spread in the field from one side. In this system, there is a lot of water loss when the field is not properly prepared. If the field is supported then water can be saved in this system also. Nowadays, farmers can level their fields with laser technology. This increases water use efficiency. Consequently, the yield of crops increases.

Rengan Irrigation System

Rengan Irrigation System

After 'drop-drop' and 'fountain technology' for irrigation in the fields, now Rengan has come, which irrigates for 20 to 60 meters like natural rain. It can irrigate more area with less water. This micro sprinkler set is very useful for vegetable and pulses crops, due to which it is irrigated by rainy drops like two and a half meters in diameter.

Rengan, with 20, 40 and 60 m propagation capacity, is a new means of irrigation of crops. It is erected in the irrigated part of the field at an angle of 45 to 180 degrees with the help of a stand. Its other end is connected to the pump set’s water supply pipe. As the water pressure rises in Rengan, it irrigates the crop by removing water like raindrops around a radius of 100 feet from the fountain in its upper part. The irrigation of the field is done with less than half the time and water than other means of irrigation. Diesel and electricity are also saved by taking less time. A three-inch submersible pump can run three Rengan simultaneously. The cost of planting Rengan in 1 hectare varies from 20 to 30 thousand rupees according to the capacity in which the central and state governments together give 50 to 80 percent grant. To get this, farmers can contact the horticulture or agriculture department with their land ownership certificate, identity card.

Canal irrigation

Canal Irrigation

Canals are the most important means of irrigation in the country and more than 40 percent of the agricultural land is irrigated. Most of the canals of our country have been developed in the vast plains of the north and the areas of the coastal delta, because their construction depends on the continuous supply of flat land and water.

Wells and tube wells

Well and tube wells

The wells have been constructed in most of those areas, where clay loam is found, because water from it flows into the ground and gets stored as ground water. Three types of wells are used in irrigation and drinking water works in the country.

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 Raw wells, pucca wells, tube wells

 Most of the country's irrigated land is irrigated by wells in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Here, about 50 percent of the land is irrigated by wells and sewage. In addition to these states, the states of Haryana, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka also irrigate wells and tube wells. In the first plan period, the number of tube wells in the country was only 3,000, which has now increased to around 57 lakhs. Tamil Nadu has the most tube well pump sets in the country, while Maharashtra ranks second. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of tube wells. In the last two decades, its circulation has increased in Punjab and Haryana. Apart from this, other states with major tube wells are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat.

Pond irrigation

Pond Irrigation

 Both natural and artificial ponds in the country are used for irrigation. Most of the irrigation is done by them in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in insular India. This is followed by South Bihar, South Madhya Pradesh and South Eastern Rajasthan, where both natural and artificial ponds are found. 9 percent of the total irrigated area of ​​the country is irrigated by ponds. Tamil Nadu irrigated by ponds is the highest in India.

Irrigation from dhekuli

Irrigation of  Dhekuli

Dhekuli irrigation was a traditional irrigation system. The most accessible means of extracting water from wells was Dhenkul, a structure that works on the principle of levers. In this, the stem of a thin Y-shaped tree is buried directly near the well in the ground and a long bamboo or wood is balanced on it. At one end of this bamboo or wood, a lump of clay is imprinted and tied with a rope at the other end, hang a kund (vessel of water from the well) and take it inside the well and pull the water up.

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 Mines irrigation

 In areas where there were no other resources to irrigate the crops, the farmers used to dig a well near their fields and put a machine called iron reht in it and irrigate their crops. But gradually the number of wells also decreased. A source of irrigation became far away from the Rehat farmers. Somewhere this machine is seen even today.

Irrigations

In olden times where irrigations were made from ponds or lake water, fetters were required. In this, two people tie a large container made of bamboo or other wood with a rope and pull water from the pond and drain it into the drain.

Solar pump irrigation

Irrigation with solar pumps is a new method, which requires neither electricity nor any fuel. It consists of a motor that draws water from the ground and has solar panels to run it, which generate energy from the sun's rays and run the machine from it.

Solar pump irrigation

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